VERTICAL CURVE
Due to change in grade in the vertical alignment of the highway, it is necessary to introduce a vertical curve at the intersections of different grades to smoothen out the…
TRANSITION CURVE
The Indian road congress recommends the use of the spiral as a transition curve in the horizontalalignment of highways because of the following reasons:1) The Spiral curve satisfies the necessity…
EXTRA WIDENING OF PAVEMENT
The car/vehicle has occupied extra width than it occupies at the direct part of the road. To make amends for this, the carriageway width extended the whole curved part of the…
Superelevation
Superelevation is the transverse slope to counteract the centrifugal force and reduce the tendency of the vehicle to overturn or Skid. where,B= Pavement widthE= Relative elevation of the outer edge.…
OVERTAKING SIGHT DISTANCE
OVERTAKING SIGHT DISTANCE (OSD) the minimum distance required for overtaking operation with safety. OSD is also called safe passing distance available As per IRC the distance measured along the centerline…
WATER SOFTENING
Methods of Removing of Temporary Hardness Boiling Addition of Lime Method of Removing Permanents Hardness (i) Lime – soda process Lime removes the entire carbonate hardness The lime reacts with…
SEWAGE TREATMENT
Sewage Treatment process are often classified as 1) Preliminary treatment2) Primary treatment3) Secondary(Biological) treatment TREATMENT PROCESS The preliminary treatment works on separating the floating materials and also the heavy settleable…
FILTRATION
Filtration removes fine particles, turbidity, colloidal matter, dissolved minerals, and microorganisms. Types of Filters:- A. Slow Sand Filter Generally designed rectangular having L/B ratio of 1.5 to 3 Depth of…
WATER TREATMENT
Water treatment is any method that improves the water quality To remove color, turbidity, dissolved solids, suspended solids, objectionable taste and odor, excess hardness, salinity, toxic materials, various microorganism. Theory of Sedimentation…
CHARACTERISTIC OF WATER
Water has three characteristics, i.e. physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. The uncooked treated water may be checked and analyzed through analyzing and checking out these CHARACTERISTIC OF WATER as defined below: A) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS a)Turbidity:- If a…